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        "author": "Dieter Kadelka",
        "author_email": "DieterKadelka@aol.com",
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        "description": "================================================\r\ntitration: Computation and Plotting of pH-Values\r\n================================================\r\n\r\nThis module provides object types which represents Solutes and Solutions\r\nof acids and bases. A solute is representented by its pK-values (possibly\r\nmore than one value for di- (or tri-)protonic acids, similarly for bases) and its\r\nconcentration, measured in mol/L. The volume of the solute may be set later.\r\nEach solution is represented by an instance of an arbitrary number of acids and bases.\r\n\r\nThis program is for teaching purposes only. The function plot_titration in\r\nthe class Titration allows easy plotting of titration curves. The volumes of\r\nthe solutes must be known.\r\n\r\nThis is no professional program. I tried to understand the titration curves\r\nin \r\nAtkins, Jones: Chemie - Einfach alles\r\nand did not find simple programs to plot such curves. So I wrote this program.\r\nDependence of the constants on the temperature is not implemented, the values\r\nof the pK-values may be very inaccurate (I do not know any source of reliable\r\nvalues). The values are from easily accessible literature. Salts must be\r\nrepresented by mixtures of acids and bases. May be, this program is useful for\r\nbuffered solutions also. This has to be investigated.\r\n\r\n\r\nKey features\r\n------------\r\n\r\n * Plotting of titration curves\r\n * Arbitrary number of acids and bases\r\n * Acids and bases are represented by their pK-values and their concentration\r\n   It is possible to have substances of the same kind, but different concentration.\r\n * Plotting of protionation\r\n * Computation of pH-values\r\n * Subclasses Acid and Base\r\n\r\nInstallation\r\n------------\r\n\r\ntitration can be installed from source::\r\n\r\n   $ tar xf titration-0.2.tar.gz\r\n   $ cd titration-0.2 \r\n   $ python setup.py install\r\n\r\nor simply by copying\r\n   titration.py\r\n(english or german version) to PYTHONPATH\r\n\r\nOn Unix systems, the latter command may have to be executed with root\r\nprivileges.\r\n\r\n\r\nUsing the module\r\n----------------\r\n\r\nPlotting of a titration may be as simple as\r\n\r\n   >>> from titration import *\r\n   >>> acid = Substance('for')       # 'for' unique abbreviation of 'formic acid'\r\n   >>> base = Substance('caustic p') # 'caustic p' abbreviation of 'caustic potash'\r\n   >>> titration = Titration(base,acid)\r\n   >>> titration.plot_titration(3,1) \r\nIf we (and the program) know the chemical formula, we use (same substances)\r\n\r\n   >>> from titration import *\r\n   >>> acid = Substance('HCOOH')\r\n   >>> base = Substance('KOH')\r\n   >>> titration = Titration(base,acid)\r\n   >>> titration.plot_titration(3,1) \r\n\r\nIn both cases the program knows that HCOOH is an acid and KOH is a base.\r\n\r\nIf we want to use the known pk_values, we write\r\n\r\n   >>> from titration import *\r\n   >>> acid = Substance('[3.75,]',acid=True)\r\n   >>> base = Substance('[-1.00,], acid=False)\r\n   >>> titration = Titration(base,acid)\r\n   >>> titration.plot_titration(3,1) \r\n\r\nHere we must tell the program that acid is an acid and base a base.\r\n\r\nIt is possible to plot protianation curves of a solute.\r\n\r\n   >>> from titration import *\r\n   >>> acid = Substance('H_3PO_4') # 'phosphoric acid'\r\n   >>> acid.plot_protionation()\r\n\r\nReferences\r\n----------\r\n\r\nMichael Luthardt: Die Berechnung von pH-Werten in Wasser.\r\nhttp://dr-luthardt.de/chemie.htm?tip=ph\r\n\r\nValuable information can be found in\r\nhttp://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/8057/the-reason-behind-the-steep-rise-in-\r\nph-in-the-acid-base-titration-curve\r\n\r\nA little theory:\r\nPeter W. Atkins, Loretta Jones: Chemie - einfach alles. 2-te Aufl.\r\nWiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (2006), Ch. 10 and 11\r\n\r\nAlgorithms are explained in titration.pdf\r\nD. Kadelka. Titration - Berechnung von pH-Werten in Wasser (2014).\r\n(In german, in folder german)\r\n\r\nVersion\r\n-------\r\n\r\ntitration-0.1\r\n  This is german/titration.py in folder german\r\n(In this version, substances are identified by their german names).",
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        "keywords": "titration curve. acid, base,",
        "license": "GNU General Public License (GPL)",
        "maintainer": "Dieter Kadelka",
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