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        "author": "Chelsea Voss",
        "author_email": "csvoss@mit.edu",
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        "description": "Oneliner-izer\n=========\n\n[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/csvoss/onelinerizer.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/csvoss/onelinerizer)\n\n\nConvert any Python file into a single line of code which has the same functionality.\n\nNo newlines allowed. No semicolons allowed, either.\n\n**Live demo at [onelinepy.herokuapp.com](http://onelinepy.herokuapp.com/)!**\n\n[Presentation at PyCon 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsUxuz_Rt8g), and [slide deck](https://speakerdeck.com/pycon2016/chelsea-voss-oneliner-izer-an-exercise-in-constrained-coding).\n\n\nUser Installation and Usage\n---\n\nInstall via `pip` from PyPI:\n\n```sh\n$ pip install onelinerizer\n```\n\nUse either the command line function or the Python module:\n\n```sh\n$ echo \"def f(x):\\n    print x\\nf(4)\" > sandbox.py\n$ onelinerizer sandbox.py --debug\n$ onelinerizer sandbox_ol.py\n```\n\n```python\nfrom onelinerizer import onelinerize\nonelinerize(\"def f(x):\\n    print x\\nf(4)\")\n```\n\nExamples\n--------\n\n**Before:**\n\n```python\nx = 3\ny = 4\nprint (x < y < 5)\n```\n\n**After:**\n\n```python\n(lambda __builtin__: (lambda __print, __y, d: [[__print(d.x<d.y<5) for d.y in [(4)]][0] for d.x in [(3)]][0])(__builtin__.__dict__['print'],(lambda f: (lambda x: x(x))(lambda y: f(lambda *args: y(y)(*args)))),type('StateDict',(),__builtin__.__dict__)()))(__import__('__builtin__'))\n```\n\nThat line looks complicated, because we need some tricks to import the print function and to support certain tricks which are needed for more complicated features such as `while` and `if`. For a program as simple as this one, though, you can think of it as working this way:\n\n```python\n(lambda x: (lambda y: print(x<y<5))(4))(3)\n```\n\n**Before:**\n\n```python\ndef f(x):\n    return x+5\nprint f(13)\n```\n\n**After:**\n\n```python\n(lambda __builtin__: (lambda __print, __y, d: [__print(d.f(13)) for d.f in [(lambda x:[(d.x+5) for d.x in [(x)]][0])]][0])(__builtin__.__dict__['print'],(lambda f: (lambda x: x(x))(lambda y: f(lambda *args: y(y)(*args)))),type('StateDict',(),__builtin__.__dict__)()))(__import__('__builtin__'))\n```\n\n...or, if you want to think about something more simplified:\n\n```python\n(lambda f: print(f(13)))(lambda x: x+5)\n```\n\n**Before:**\n\n```python\ndef guess_my_number(n):\n    while True:\n        user_input = raw_input(\"Enter a positive integer to guess: \")\n        if len(user_input)==0 or not user_input.isdigit():\n            print \"Not a positive integer!\"\n        else:\n            user_input = int(user_input)\n            if user_input > n:\n                print \"Too big! Try again!\"\n            elif user_input < n:\n                print \"Too small! Try again!\"\n            else:\n                print \"You win!\"\n                return True\nguess_my_number(42)\n```\n\n**After:**\n\n```python\n(lambda __builtin__: (lambda __print, __y, d: [(lambda ___: None)(d.guess_my_number(42)) for d.guess_my_number in [(lambda n:[(__y(lambda __this: (lambda d: (lambda __after: [(lambda __after: (lambda ___: __after(d))(__print('Not a positive integer!')) if (d.len(d.user_input)==0 or (not d.user_input.isdigit())) else [(lambda __after: (lambda ___: __after(d))(__print('Too big! Try again!')) if d.user_input>d.n else (lambda __after: (lambda ___: __after(d))(__print('Too small! Try again!')) if d.user_input<d.n else (lambda ___: d.True)(__print('You win!')))(lambda d: __after(d)))(lambda d: __after(d)) for d.user_input in [(d.int(d.user_input))]][0])(lambda d: __this(d)) for d.user_input in [(d.raw_input('Enter a positive integer to guess: '))]][0] if d.True else __after(d))(lambda d: None))))(d) for d.n in [(n)]][0])]][0])(__builtin__.__dict__['print'],(lambda f: (lambda x: x(x))(lambda y: f(lambda *args: y(y)(*args)))),type('StateDict',(),__builtin__.__dict__)()))(__import__('__builtin__'))\n```\n\nFAQ\n---\n\n### Oh dear God why?\n\nYeah. I'm sorry. But on the other hand, why not?\n\n### Can't you use semicolons?\n\nThat would be against the spirit of this exercise. Why pass up a perfectly good excuse to abuse [lambda functions](https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#lambda), [ternary expressions](https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions), [list comprehensions](https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions), and even the occasional [Y combinator](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator#Y_combinator)? Never pass up an opportunity to use the Y combinator.\n\nAnalysis\n--------\n### Output program size\n\n*O(n)*. No code is ever duplicated, so the one-lined code produced is linear in the size of the input code.\n\n### Runtime of one-lined code\n\nI have no reason to believe the resulting code, however absurd, is more than a constant factor slower than the original code. Since while loops, etc. are implemented using recursive function calls, causing more overhead for setting up those function calls, the constant factor is likely to be somewhat bad.\n\n### Tips\n\nThe one-lined code tends to contain many nested lambdas; if there are too many, Python will refuse to run it.\n\n```sh\n$ python main_ol.py\ns_push: parser stack overflow\nMemoryError\n```\n\nThis can be fixed using pypy.\n\n```sh\n$ pypy main_ol.py\n````\n\nHowever, since while loops and for loops are implemented with recursion, you might encounter `maximum recursion depth exceeded` errors during runtime if your loops go on for too long.\n\nTo get around this, you can put\n\n```python\nimport sys\nsys.setrecursionlimit(new_limit)\n```\n\nin your original Python code. (onelinerizer will not place this command in for you.)\n\n\nNot Implemented\n---------------\n* from foo import *\n\nOpen Problems\n-------------\n* with\n* yield\n\nDeveloper Installation and Testing\n---\n```sh\n$ git clone https://github.com/csvoss/onelinerizer\n$ cd onelinerizer\n$ python -m onelinerizer .setup.py setup.py\n$ python setup.py test\n```\n\nTo install the local module:\n```sh\n$ pip install .\n```\n\nFurther Reading\n---------------\n* [Lambda calculus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus)\n* [Fixed-point combinator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator)\n* [StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2573135/python-progression-path-from-apprentice-to-guru/2576240#2576240) post about how functional programming helps with Python mastery\n* [On writing Python one-liners](http://blog.sigfpe.com/2008/09/on-writing-python-one-liners.html) - a similar idea\n* Shout-out to the author of [this StackOverflow post](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11089808/raising-and-catching-exceptions-in-an-expression-in-python-3), who seems to have worked on a very similar project\n\n\n",
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