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        "author": "Riccardo Ravaioli",
        "author_email": "rickyrav@gmail.com",
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        "description": "===========\nIcmp Tool\n===========\n\nIcmp Tool provides a straight-forward way to characterize the responsiveness to TTL-limited probes of routers close to you.\nThe tool is based on code we used for a large scale campaign on PlanetLab. For details on how the router classification works,\nrefer to our paper \"Characterizing ICMP Rate Limitation on Routers\": http://goo.gl/cU004b\nTypical usage looks like this::\n\n    #!/usr/bin/env python\n\n    from icmptool import icmptool\n\n    routers_by_hop = icmptool(dest='8.8.8.8', ttls=[1,2,3], min_rate=1, max_rate=500, n_of_rates=5, duration=8)\n    # extract and print rate-limitation parameters\n    for hop in routers_by_hop:\n        for router in routers_by_hop[hop]:\n            print \"router %s at hop %s is of type %s for the tested probing rates\" % (\n                                                    router, hop, routers_by_hop[hop][router]['rtype_description'])\n            if 'fr-onoff' in routers_by_hop[hop][router]['rtype_str']:\n                print(\"\\tOn-off parameters are:\\n\\t\\tBurst Size: \"\n                      \"%s packets\\n\\t\\tInter Burst Time: %s seconds\"\n                      \"\\n\\t\\t=> max answering rate %d pps \" % (routers_by_hop[hop][router]['onoff_parameters']['bsize'],\n                                                               routers_by_hop[hop][router]['onoff_parameters']['iat'],\n                                                               routers_by_hop[hop][router]['onoff_parameters']['bsize']))\n            elif 'fr-rl' in routers_by_hop[hop][router]['rtype_str']: #generically rate-limited\n                print \"\\tMaximum answering rate is %s\" % routers_by_hop[hop][router]['extra_info']['limited_ans_rate']\n\n\nBy doing that, we probed routers at hops 1, 2, 3 on the path to 8.8.8.8, at 5 exponentially-spaced probing rates between 1 pps and 500 pps, for 8 seconds each time.\nrouters_by_hop will now contain at key i details of the responsiveness of the router on hop i.\n\nAlternatively, the script icmp_tool.py can be called from the shell to perform the same task. The above example simply becomes::\n\n    $ ./icmp_tool.py --dest 8.8.8.8 --ttls 1 2 3 --min_rate 1 --max_rate 500 --n_of_rates 5 --duration 8\n    \nIcmp Tool sends TTL-limited probes at constant rate(s) to the routers at the specified hops\nand by studying the timeseries of the received ICMP time-exceeded replies \nit determines the responsiveness of nearby routers to these probes. A responsive router typically \nshows 3 responsiveness phases in the following order::\n\n    [fully-responsive]  [rate-limited] [irregular]\n\nDepending on the chosen probing rates and on the configuration of the router,\nnot all phases might appear. The most common implementation\nof rate limitation is with an on-off pattern, of which we provide the parameters:\nburst size, period length and resulting answering rate. In some cases,\nrate limitation is implemented with a maximum constant answering rate, but no such\npattern is observable. We call this a generically rate-limited router (rl).\nThe irregular phase, if any, might appear whether or not rate limitation has been configured.\nAfter a certain threshold, the responsiveness of the router might simply not follow  any pattern\nand become less predictable.\n\nThe tool uses **tcpdump** to capture outgoing probes and incoming replies. It requires **sudo** privileges.",
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